Decompression sickness is a common disorder in special occupational groups such as divers and highland operators, and patients often experience acute onset of illness accompanied by severe psychological trauma and cognitive dysfunction. Methods: Eighty-six patients with decompression sickness were selected and treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy combined with conventional rehabilitation in a 6-week treatment cycle. The Champion Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS), Health Promotion Lifestyle Scale (HPLP-II) and Zung’s Anxiety Self-Assessment Scale were utilized to assess the patients’ psychological health status. A quantitative calculation model was established to analyze the changes in psychological indicators before and after treatment, and multifactorial logistic regression was used to analyze the independent factors affecting the efficacy. Results: After hyperbaric oxygen treatment, the patients’ total CHBMS score improved from 46.57 to 80.89, and the total HPLP-II score increased from 76.87 to 115.20. 74 out of 86 patients had excellent efficacy, accounting for 86.05%. Multifactorial analysis showed that age, disease duration, anxiety level, sleep quality, cognitive function and psychological stress were independent influences with ORs ranging from 3.74 to 8.59. Conclusions: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy based on a quantitative computational model significantly improves mental health status and health behavior performance in patients with decompression sickness. Factors such as age over 50 years, disease duration over 7 days, and severe anxiety are the main risk factors affecting psychological recovery. The model provides a scientific basis for individualized psychological recovery programs and helps to improve the precision and effectiveness of treatment.