Based on the dataset of 2,207 listed companies in the A-share market of Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2012 to 2022, on the basis of constructing a national big data comprehensive pilot zone, this study combines multiple period Difference-in-Differences (DID) model and fixed-effects model to deeply explore the specific impact of this pilot zone on the green performance of enterprises and its mechanism. Through rigorous parallel trend tests, placebo tests, and robustness tests, the big data comprehensive pilot zone has shown significant effectiveness in improving the level of enterprise green performance. Mechanism analysis indicates that reducing the average tenure of senior executives, shortening the credit term structure, and enhancing the level of digital development can positively incentivize the development of enterprise green performance. Furthermore, the establishment of the big data comprehensive pilot zone to promote enterprise innovation shows heterogeneity. This study finds that the policy effect of the big data comprehensive pilot area in empowering enterprise green performance is more significant in high-tech industries and non-innovative provinces and non-state-owned enterprises. This study helps to clarify the impact of the construction of the big data comprehensive pilot zone on enterprise green performance, providing theoretical support and policy recommendations for driving enterprise green innovation and improving enterprise green performance through digitization in China.