Rural public facilities are the basic guarantee to promote rural revitalization, but at present, the layout of rural public facilities has problems such as irrational site selection and uneven coverage. Big data analysis technology provides technical support for the optimization of rural public facilities layout, and through the precise layout of rural public facilities, it can improve the service level, promote the equalization of public resources, and create good conditions for the enhancement of rural governance effectiveness. This study establishes an optimization function with the dual objectives of maximizing walking accessibility and minimizing construction cost, considers constraints such as travel routes, coverage and location, and obtains the Pareto-optimal solution set by solving the simulated annealing algorithm. The empirical analysis shows that when the number of facility points is 62, the weighted service distance is 572.78 kilometers, and the average service distance from the villagers’ points to their corresponding rural public facilities is 1.952 kilometers; when the number of facility points is increased to 66, the weighted service distance is decreased to 556.142 kilometers, and the average service distance is reduced to 1.812 kilometers, and the fairness and efficiency of the layout are significantly improved. Based on impedance accessibility analysis, the accessibility score of the optimized Wanji Village Cultural and Fitness Plaza is 7.6, which is better than other comparative areas. The results of the study show that the optimization of the layout of rural public facilities based on big data can effectively improve the level of rural public services, provide technical support for the construction of a digital rural governance system, and promote the enhancement of the effectiveness of rural governance.
