This study takes the dynamic planning algorithm as the core tool to construct a dynamic optimization model of college physical education curriculum, aiming to explore the synergistic enhancement of curriculum on college students’ mental health and physical fitness. The scientific allocation of teaching resources is realized through a multi-stage decision-making model, and its efficacy is verified by combining empirical data from a university. The experimental results show that the optimization method based on dynamic planning achieves 98.34% in the utilization rate of teaching resources, which is significantly higher than the 85.25% of the traditional method and the 76.90% of the random forest algorithm. Student satisfaction of 9.42/10, teaching quality of 95.4/100 and curriculum rationality of 91.1/100 are better than the control group. In the subgroup experiments, male students in the experimental group improved their standing long jump by 2.95 cm (p=0.000) and female students shortened their 50-meter run by 0.37 seconds (p=0.000). The total mental toughness score increased from 82.06 to 94.33 (difference 12.27, p<0.001), of which the positive cognitive dimension increased by 4.01 points. The dynamic planning algorithm effectively promotes students' mental health level, physical fitness and social adaptability by optimizing the curriculum structure and resource allocation, which provides a quantifiable practical path for sports reform in colleges and universities.
