Integrating smart technology into the teaching of composition technology discipline can bring more innovative opportunities for the development of music education. In this paper, for the teaching of the theory course of composition technology, edge computing technology is combined with music education to propose a smart music teaching platform, and a knowledge tracking and exercise recommendation strategy is designed for this purpose. The strategy constructs a knowledge tracking model based on the self-attention mechanism and hypergraph module, on the basis of which the POMDP process is used to build exercise recommendation tasks to achieve personalized music exercise resource recommendation. Experiments show that the designed knowledge tracking model is more than 3% more accurate than the DKT method, and the mean value of each index of the exercise recommendation model is above 0.8, which is more targeted, novel and diversified. After the application of this teaching platform, students’ attitudes and willingness towards the course, interaction and platform have increased significantly, by 25.25%, 30.53% and 37.68% respectively. Meanwhile, more than 60% of the students affirmed its enhancing effect on teacher-student interaction, exercise recommendation, course interest and learning effect. The proposed teaching platform effectively promotes teacher-student interaction teaching, provides personalized aids for music course learning, and can help promote the development of music teaching quality in colleges and universities.